长江三角洲蓝图重绘的基础科学问题:进展与未来研究     

汪亚平  贾建军  杨阳  周亮  冯威  高建华  魏稳  李占海  史本伟  高抒 《海洋科学》2019,43(10):2-12

在全球气候变化和人类活动影响加剧的背景下,作为河口海岸重要子系统的三角洲正在发生快速变化。长江三角洲地处长江入东海交汇处,是中国最重要的经济核心区之一,对邻近区域乃至整个长江经济带经济社会发展都起着重要作用。由于全球变暖、海面上升和强烈人类活动引发了三角洲系统状态转换,因此以往基于恒定系统状态而获得的有关长江三角洲的认识已不能满足未来需求,迫切需要对未来海面变化、极端事件、流域与河口工程影响下的三角洲物质循环条件、物理过程、地貌冲淤演化、源-汇格局调整等科学问题进行深入研究。在三角洲系统行为、未来演化趋势的预测能力建设中,应重视从海面到海底的综合立体观测系统的发展,以获取关键数据;基于三角洲系统的时、空演化特征,建立三角洲本征态和衍生态的谱系理论。未来需针对系统状态转换而调整原先的经济社会发展模式,以便保护自然资源、重建生态系统,更好地支撑长江经济带发展,重绘长江三角洲发展蓝图。  相似文献   

Impact of flooded rice paddy on remotely sensed evapotranspiration in the Krishna River basin,India     

Pardhasaradhi Teluguntla  Dongryeol Ryu  Biju George  Jeffrey P. Walker 《水文研究》2020,34(10):2190-2199

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the major water exchange processes between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. ET is a combined process of evaporation from open water bodies, bare soil and plant surfaces, and transpiration from vegetation. Remote sensing-based ET models have been developed to estimate spatially distributed ET over large regions, however, many of them reportedly underestimate ET over semi-arid regions (Jamshidi et al., Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2019, 20, 947–964). In this work, we show that underestimation of ET can occur due to the open water evaporation from flooded rice paddies ignored in the existing ET models. To address the gap in ET estimation, we have developed a novel approach that accounts for the missing ET component over flooded rice paddies. Our method improved ET estimates by a modified Penman-Monteith algorithm that considered the fraction of open water evaporation from flooded rice paddies. Daily ET was calculated using ground based meteorological data and the MODIS satellite data over the Krishna River Basin. Seasonal and annual ET values over the Krishna Basin were compared with two different ET algorithms. ET estimates from these two models were also compared for different crop combinations. Results were validated with flux tower-based measurements from other studies. We have identified a 17 mm/year difference in average annual ET over the Krishna River Basin with this new ET algorithm. This is very critical in basin scale water balance analysis and water productivity studies.  相似文献   

长江下游区域地温场特征及其能源意义     

朱戈  刘绍文  李香兰  吴迪 《地学前缘》2020,27(1):25-34

区域地热特征及深部温度估算对于油气勘探和地热能资源评价和开发利用具有重要意义,长江下游地区是我国东部经济社会高度发达的地区,其能源需求大,区域热状态研究能为该区地热资源评价提供关键约束。通过整合长江下游地区已有的温度数据和实测岩石物性参数,勾勒出该区的现今地温场特征,并进一步估算其1 000~5 000 m埋深处的地层温度。研究表明,长江下游地区现今地温梯度为16~41 ℃/km,且以18~25 ℃/km居多,苏北盆地区呈现高地温梯度。大地热流值为48~80 mW/m²,其均值为60 mW/m²,表现为中等的地热状态,有利于油气和地热能形成。此外,长江下游地区深部地温估算表明,1 000 m埋深处的温度范围为30~54 ℃,2 000 m时温度范围为50~95 ℃,3 000 m时温度范围为65~130 ℃,4 000 m时温度范围为80~170 ℃,5 000 m时温度范围为100~210 ℃。区域深部地温的展布趋势呈NE向,高温区域集中在安徽南部和江苏东北部。结合60 ℃和120 ℃等温线的埋深分布及区域地质、地球化学和地热特征,初步探讨了该区油气与地热资源的有利区带及其相应的开发利用类型。  相似文献   

基于SWAT模型的森林分布不连续流域水源涵养量多时间尺度分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

林峰  陈兴伟  姚文艺  方艺辉  邓海军  吴杰峰  林炳青 《地理学报》2020,75(5):1065-1078

为解决森林分布不连续流域森林水源涵养功能及其多时间尺度特征的定量评价问题,根据分布式水文模型（SWAT）的特点,提出了反映森林斑块空间分布的水文响应单元划分方法,以及基于水量平衡法的森林不连续分布流域森林水源涵养量计算公式。以东南沿海的晋江流域为例,构建了2006年土地利用条件下的日时间步长SWAT模型,统计分析了2002—2010年降水条件下森林水源涵养量的时空变化规律。结果表明：① 构建的晋江流域SWAT模型精度较高,面积阈值为零生成的水文响应单元比较准确地反映流域森林斑块分布,提出的森林水源涵养量计算公式适用于森林空间分布不连续流域森林水源涵养量的多时间尺度分析,为流域森林水源涵养功能评价提供了一个新的方法。② 晋江流域森林水源年涵养量271.41~565.25 mm;月涵养量-29.15~154.59 mm;日尺度的极端降水期皆为正值,极端枯水期都为负值。表明年际之间不存在森林水源涵养的蓄丰补枯调节作用,但在年内的部分月份得到体现,而日尺度的森林蓄丰补枯功能充分发挥。从而揭示了不同时间尺度森林水源涵养量及其蓄丰补枯功能的差异。  相似文献   

石羊河下游人工梭梭林土壤呼吸变化特征及其与水热因子的关系          下载免费PDF全文

王新友  马全林  靳虎甲  樊宝丽  张进虎  林慧龙 《干旱区地理》2019,42(3):570-580

土壤呼吸不仅是反映土壤生物活性的重要指标，也是全球碳循环研究中备受关注的热点问题。在地处典型干旱区的石羊河下游，以流动沙丘和去除土壤结皮人工梭梭林为对照，采用LI-8100土壤碳通量监测系统研究了栽植约40 a、30 a、10 a和5 a的人工梭梭林生长季和非生长季的土壤呼吸日变化，并分析了土壤水分和温度对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：（1）不同林龄梭梭林生长季和非生长季土壤呼吸速率的日变化均为明显的单峰曲线，且呈现出一定的波动性，日最大排放速率出现在12:00～14:00时，最小值出现在8:00时左右。（2）梭梭林营造和去结皮处理显著提高了沙漠土壤呼吸速率，而且不同林龄土壤呼吸速率大体上随着种植年限的增加而递增，表现为MC >40 a>30 a>10 a>MS >5 a，非生长季表现为MC >40 a>10 a>5 a>30 a>MS。（3）不同林龄梭梭林土壤呼吸速率均具有明显的季节变化特征，生长季（8 月）的土壤呼吸作用明显强于非生长季（1月）。（4）相关性分析表明，生长季和非生长季土壤呼吸均与0～5 cm土壤水分显著相关，且均呈二次曲线关系，分别为Y =-0.205 8X ²+0.946 5X-0.316 6（R ² =0.506 ²，P= 0.041 7）和Y= 0.118 7 X ²+0.156 3X+0.118 8（R ²=0.675 7，P =0.001 1）；但与10 cm土壤温度的相关性不显著，土壤水分是影响人工梭梭林土壤呼吸的关键因素。该研究进一步证明了人工梭梭林的营造有效改善了沙漠土壤的生物活性，提高了土壤碳通量水平，以土壤结皮破坏为基本特征的人工梭梭林退化和沙漠化必然在短期内加剧碳排放。因此，需要在沙漠地区合理营造人工林，并在造林和林业管理过程中注意保护土壤结皮，以减少CO²排放。  相似文献   

Developing a comprehensive evaluation method for Interconnected River System Network assessment: A case study in Tangxun Lake group     

Yang  Wei  Zhang  Liping  Zhang  Yanjun  Li  Zongli  Xiao  Yi  Xia  Jun 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(3):389-405

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The Interconnected River System Network (IRSN) plays a crucial role in water resource allocation, water ecological restoration and water quality improvement. It...  相似文献   

南海东北部陆架边缘第四纪高分辨率层序地层和沉积体系演化及其控制因素     

刘汉尧  林畅松  张忠涛  张博  姜静  田洪训  刘欢 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(5):86-98

The northeastern shelf margin of the South China Sea(SCS) is characterized by the development of large scale foresets complexes since Quaternary. Based on integral analysis of the seismic, well logging and paleontological data, successions since ～3.0 Ma can be defined as one composite sequence, consist of a set of regional transgressive to regressive sequences. They can be further divided into six 3 rd order sequences(SQ0–SQ5) based on the Exxon sequence stratigraphic model. Since ～1.6 Ma, five sets of deltaic systems characterized by development of wedge-shaped foresets complexes or clinoforms had been identified. High-resolution seismic data and the thick foresets allowed further divided of sub-depositional sequences(4 th order) of regression to transgression, which is basically consistent with published stacked benthic foram O-isotope records. Depositional systems identified in the study area include deltaic deposits(inner-shelf deltas and shelf-edge deltas), incised valleys, and slope slumping massive deposits. Since ～1.6 Ma, clinoforms prograded from the southern Panyu Lower Uplift toward the northern Baiyun Depression, shelf slope break migrated seaward, whereas the shelf edge of SQ0 migrated landward. The development of incised valleys in the continental shelf increased upward,especially intensive on the SB3 and SB2. The slumping massive deposits increased abruptly since SB2, which corresponds to the development of incised valleys. The evolution of depositional systems of continental slope mainly controlled by the combined influence of sea level changes, tectonic movements, sediment supply and climate changes. Since ～3.0 Ma, relative sea level of the northern SCS had been experienced transgression(～3.0 Ma BP) to regression(～1.6 Ma BP). The regional regression and maximum transgressions of the composite sequences were apparently enhanced by uplift or subsidence related to tectono-thermal events. In addition,climatic variations including monsoon intensification and the mid-Pleistocene transition may have enhanced sediment supply by increasing erosion rate and have an indispensable influence on the development of the incised valleys and 5 sets of deltaic systems since ～1.6 Ma.  相似文献   

基于新型高频声学多普勒流速剖面仪的河口近底部边界层观测初探     

兰庭飞  吴昊  唐杰平  李占海  汪亚平 《海洋通报》2019,38(6):640-649

河口物质输运、能量交换与底边界层内的水动力过程密切相关,底边界层参数(如切应力、拖曳系数)的确定至关重要。挪威Nortek公司生产的新型声学多普勒流速剖面仪AD2CP相比传统ADCP具有高频、低噪的优点,可用于高频(16Hz)流速剖面观测,而被广泛应用于底边界层观测的ADV只能测量单点高频流速。本文采用AD2CP在长江口南槽最大浑浊带区域进行座底式观测,并与同步近底部三脚架上ADV的观测结果进行对比。结果表明,使用AD2CP测得的近底部平均流速与ADV的测量结果吻合良好;使用惯性耗散法计算了底切应力,基于ADV的单点高频流速数据计算结果为2.16×10~(-2)～5.69×10~(-1)N/m~2,基于AD2CP的结果为2.09×10~(-2)～4.26×10~(-1)N/m~2,二者范围大致相当。在此基础上,基于AD2CP数据计算出摩阻流速为4.55×10~(-3)～2.06×10~(-2)m/s、底拖曳系数范围为1.84×10~(-4)～2.49×10~(-3),与ADV的计算结果基本一致。此外,由于AD2CP可以获得高频的流速剖面数据,优于单点ADV,具备观测近底部边界层参数和边界层内湍流剖面的潜力。  相似文献   

Constructing the Klamath: Nature,Culture, and the Management of a Western River     

Zander Albertson 《社会与自然资源》2019,32(7):790-806

Despite decades of scientific research, stakeholder negotiations, and policy proposals, management of the Klamath River in southern Oregon and northern California remains hotly contested. This research examines the sociocultural dimensions of proposed removal of four Klamath River dams. Using a social constructivist approach to analyze the discourse of public comments regarding dam removal, I find commenters rely on diverse ideas of nature and divergent problem framings, contest the role of science, and draw on embedded and meaningful sociocultural narratives to legitimize their management preferences. These discourses shape the terrain upon which management actions are perceived, valued, and contested, and make management actions meaningful beyond their immediate spatial and temporal context. Dam removal on the Klamath River is far more than an ecological problem amenable to a scientific or technical approach; instead, it is a complex project shot through with the sociocultural identities, visions, and narratives of all involved.  相似文献   

Rainfall interception of typical ecosystems in the Heihe River Basin: Based on high temporal resolution soil moisture data   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Yang  Chongyao  Huang  Yongmei  Li  Engui  Li  Zeqing 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(9):1527-1547

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Rainfall interception is of great significance to the fully utilization of rainfall in water limited areas. Until now, studies on rainfall partitioning process of...  相似文献